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Angus and Kelly Whyte at Wyndham Station and Willow Point

Resilience in the Rangelands | Updated October 2024

‘We had to redesign the way we functioned as a business in order to get a different outcome. As they say – change equals change – so the more you’re prepared to change, the more change you can expect.’ – Angus Whyte

Angus and Kelly Whyte apply a holistic management approach to two properties, Wyndham Station and Willow Point, in the NSW rangelands 85km north of Wentworth. 

Two decades ago, they were frustrated with the increasing amount of work they were doing at Wyndham Station and the increasing degradation of the landscape. Angus says the ‘Low-level set stock management regime in our part of the world just seemed to be taking our landscape backwards and creating more work.’ 

In 2001, they attended a Resource Consulting Services (RCS) Grazing for Profit course, which was a key motivator for change, and they immediately began to apply the holistic, integrated management approach they learned in the course. This involved creating smaller paddock sizes to facilitate intensive rotational grazing on the property and to match their stocking rate to the carrying capacity of the landscape.

Angus shares that by changing to rotational grazing, moving the animals has become less labour-intensive, and there has been greater plant growth and diversity, as well as reduced erosion. In 2012, their main property, Wyndham Station, was the subject of a Soils for Life Case Study, demonstrating the significant benefits of a decade of improved management. 

Building on this success, they now want to create an evidence base that quantifies the improvements in their soil health and business profitability. Angus says ‘It’s not just about Are our sheep fat? or Are we producing enough lambs? It’s much broader than that.’

‘There’s been a direct improvement, but if we can say there’s also been X, Y, and Z improved in our soil and profitability, then we’re putting together a pretty reasonable case as a way to explain to other people so they can say “Oh yeah, that’s something I might be interested in.”’ – Angus

Whilst they continue to manage holistically to drive productivity, profitability and landscape health, the Whytes are also interested in the potential co-benefits of ecosystem services markets. These emerging markets, such as soil carbon and biodiversity, offer the potential to better compensate producers for the work they are doing to improve the landscape. The desire to create an evidence base to help inform producers is what drove the Whytes to join the Rangelands Living Skin (RLS) project. 

In addition, a key motivator for the Whytes is encouraging producers to create healthy and resilient businesses and landscapes that the next generation can be proud of. Angus reflects that because of their successful management approach, many of the producers involved in the RLS project ‘have the next generation looking to be involved in farming and our businesses, and that’s not a coincidence.’ 

(L-R) Kelly and Gus Whyte

Farm Facts

Location
Barkindji Country, Wentworth, NSW

Climate
Hot dry summer, cold winter

Average Annual Rainfall
245 mm*

Agro-ecological Region
Dry** 

Property Size
12,500 hectares – Wyndham Station
19,000 hectares – Willow Point (Leased from M R Whyte) 

Elevation
30m

*Sourced from MyClimateView.com.au. Farmer reported 260 mm.

**Extreme variability of rainfall is a defining feature of southern rangelands and has a significant impact on the challenges and solutions being explored at Wyndham Station and Willow Point.

Social Structure
Family run

Enterprise Type
Sheep and Cattle breeding and trading, opportunity cropping, planning goats

Landscape
Rangelands

Soils
Self-mulching clays on floodplains to sandy ridges, sandy loams

*Learn more about soil classifications at Soil Science Australia

Practices for improving soil and landscape

Angus and Kelly began implementing rotational grazing and creating smaller paddock sizes in 2002, and they learned to continuously monitor the environment to match their stocking rate to carrying capacity. They regularly review their livestock numbers and trade in and out of livestock, which gives them more opportunities to sell to more diverse markets across the year and manage their risk. 

The Whytes emphasise that they haven’t made ‘one single change’ to get to where they are, but a series of changes over time. Angus says that ‘change equals [more] change’ and that since we last spoke to them, things have continued to evolve in managing Wyndham Station and more recently Willow Point. 

After about 10 years of rotational grazing, they noticed that their system and results had plateaued and that although rotational grazing creates changing circumstances for each paddock, ‘you can become too fixed in how you run that, and the system comes to expect the change.’ They asked themselves what other changes they could make to bring about genuine diversity through more change and continued improvement. They call this an approach of ‘planned chaos.’ Some of these changes have involved making better use of green grass when it is available and allowing more extended rest so that trees and shrubs can regenerate and produce more leaves. For some paddocks, this could involve a year of rest followed by less intense grazing and shorter rest periods, whilst for other paddocks, this may be a more intensive growing regime. 

Taking a ‘planned chaos’ approach means that the Whytes are continuously looking for and monitoring indicators in their environment and business and making adjustments based on what they see. They call this ‘communicating’ with the farm, and Angus says that when planning the year ahead, the only thing not up for discussion is this good communication. They continue to find better ways to monitor different aspects of their business through indicators that relate to the health of the environment, the well-being of the family, and the productivity of the farm.

They have observed significant improvements over the last 20 years, including increased plant diversity and growth and reduced erosion. In addition, they have experienced increased productivity and a more effective use of labour on the farm. These improvements have driven them to discover what was happening in their soil and landscape and why. 

Rangelands Living Skin trial practices

As part of the Rangelands Living Skin project, producers are running low-cost trials of various, scalable practices that they hope will offer multiple benefits. The trials include a  trial chosen by the farmer (demonstration site), as well as replicated trials across the farms, and remote sensing data to reflect grazing management. 

Mechanical Intervention

The Whytes have created plot trials of mechanical interventions to create water ponding areas at Willow Point. Between February and June 2022, a grader was used to construct more than 60 U-shaped earth banks, measuring 500mm high and 2m across at the bottom. These areas were paired with various treatments such as liquid vermicast foliar spray, solid vermicast and biochar. 

The mechanical interventions in the landscape aim to encourage water infiltration into the soil and can be used to reclaim scalded country and rehydrate rangeland landscapes. When these areas fill with water, the sodic top layers of soil are diluted, which promotes vegetation growth.

The Whytes were keen to use this method to rehydrate a large clay pan area. Angus emphasises that mechanical interventions should always complement other management techniques to deliver long-term and more significant impacts. While the intervention might only be on 200-300 hectares of a paddock, they have found that the intervention might have a benefit right across the whole paddock. 

‘You know, mechanical intervention is wonderful. If it’s not paired with decent livestock management, the benefits will be short-lived. If we can pair it long-term with good livestock management, then we can get significant long-term change.’ – Angus

The Whytes have observed that the ponds have retained a lot of water, and seven months after construction, the ponds are already influencing the landscape. According to Angus, ‘there is certainly an increased growth of salt bushes and other annuals in places where there were previously no plants.’ 

Income Diversification

One of the key questions that the Rangelands Living Skin project explores is whether the practices trialled by the core producers can help to diversify farm income. The Whytes have diversified their income through trading livestock at different times throughout the year and will continue to diversify this through a goat enterprise, and by exploring ecosystem services markets.

Replicated Plot Trials

Replicated plot trails of biostimulants are being undertaken across the four participating Rangelands Living Skin farms. The replicated plot trials provide an opportunity to investigate the soil and plant benefits of various treatments on a small scale in a scientifically rigorous manner. 

The treatments to be applied were selected in collaboration with the core producers, and in this case include biological inputs (bioprimers) and natural soil conditioners (biochar). Each replicate has been randomised to address any potential bias that may present in the results due to variations in the soil or alike. 

The treatments at Wyndham included:

  • Control – no application of treatments or sowing of new species. This is the reference site to which the other treatments are compared with.  
  • Bioprimer (Solid) –  application of a solid biological stimulant material to existing vegetation/soil. The solid bioprimer was applied by hand at a rate of 250kg/ha. 
  • Bioprimer (Liquid Foliar) –   application of a liquid biological stimulant material to existing vegetation. The liquid biofoliar spray was applied using a 15L knapsack sprayer at a rate of 5L/ha.
  • Biochar – application of biochar to existing vegetation/soil. Biochar was applied at a rate of 10 t/ha.  


At each site, three replicates of each treatment were established in late Early August 2022 in a randomised, blocked design (Image 8).

Image 8. Trial design sample (Source: DPI, 2022).
Image 9. Biochar on the soil surface at Wyndham, October 2022 (Image source DPI).
Image 10. Replicated plot trial site – Wyndham Station (Image source Gus Whyte).

Remote Sensing of Grazing Management

Changes in ground cover in response to the improved grazing management (managing stocking rates and resting paddocks) on Wyndham over the last 20 years are being assessed using remote sensing data. Using Landsat spatial data, the total ground cover on Wyndham is compared with similar land types within 10km of the property (benchmark areas), for each season since 1989. This method allows the impact of management to be separated from some of the temporal and spatial variability associated with seasonal conditions and different land types. A positive trend in this difference in cover between Wyndham and the benchmark area from the time of changed grazing management would indicate positive impacts of this change. 

Insights and observations

Grazing management and ground cover

Since changing grazing management, Angus has observed an increase in the diversity of plant species, indicating that the landscape function is improving. Angus sees this as a critical part of building the resilience of his system, and believes that the changes he’s observed on the ground have enabled a doubling in carrying capacity of the land per millimeter of rainfall.

As part of this project, satellite imagery was used to assess overall ground cover at Wyndham Station compared to the surrounding 10km region. The data reveals that the region in which Wyndham Station is situated has experienced highly variable groundcover over the past 30 years, and that Wyndham Station has usually had slightly higher ground cover than the surrounding region.

Satellite analysis does not yet reflect changes in overall ground cover levels compared to the surrounding region since management changes, although in the last 10 years, ground cover at Wyndham appears to be trending upwards compared to the surrounding region. Species composition was not able to be assessed through this analysis.

It’s possible that the impact of the management changes introduced by Gus and Kelly have been slow to translate into increased overall ground cover due to the low rainfall throughout the Millennium drought (which began just after management change). The nature of the rangelands environment and climate means landscape response to changed management can take time, with long periods of slow or no change, followed by sudden leaps forward during rare good years.

Gus reflects that “the results of this trial show that there are very few – if any – shortcuts to improved land management and increased carrying capacity.  Significant landscape change only comes from significant management change.”

Figure 1. Ground cover trends between 1989-2023 on Wyndham Station. From top: Percentage ground cover for Wyndham (solid line) and the surrounding 10km region (dashed line), with smoothed trendline for Wyndham; Difference in percentage ground cover between Wyndham and the surrounding region, with smoothed trendline; Seasonal rainfall (mm). The vertical dashed line indicates the beginning of management change.

Water ponding trial

Within a year of implementation of the ponding trials, Angus and Kelly were already seeing encouraging results, including ‘significant growth of annual plants around our ponding areas’ and ‘an increased growth of saltbushes and other perennials in places where there were previously no plants.’ 

Image 11 and 12. Before (left, April 2021) and after (right, April 2023) satellite images of ponding at Wyndham, showing plant growth across the area.

Monitoring of the trial after two years confirms these observations. There has been a visual improvement in plant cover, production and diversity across the ponded area. More specifically, the initial results of the ponding in March 2024 showed a decrease in bare ground and an increase in plant and litter cover, biomass and plant richness.

Image 13. Ponding claypan area, Willow Point
Image 14. Reference (good condition) area, Willow Point
Image 15.

Plant growth at the ponding site

Plant growth is predominantly concentrated along the banks and edges of the borrow pits, becoming less dense further out (>5m) from the banks. In particular, vegetative ground cover (plant & litter) increased from 0% to 20-30% cover at the banks and up to 20% at within 5m of the banks. Similarly, biomass increased from 0 kg/ha to 700-1100kg/ha at the banks and up to 700kg/ha at 5m from the banks. 

The results indicate that some areas of the ponded areas, in particular those closest to the banks where more water is ponded, are on a trajectory towards the condition of the ‘more desirable’ reference area (the total cover and plant biomass in the reference area at the time of measurement in 2024 was almost 70% and 2000kg/ha, respectively).

The Whytes and the Rangeland Living Skin team agree that this water ponding was a helpful approach to fast-tracking scald rehabilitation. Slow, but ongoing improvement is also expected to come as the soil conditions and chemistry improve and higher-succession species begin to establish.

Replicated biostimulant trials

The results of the biostimulant trials highlighted the challenges to using biostimulant products in a rangelands environment, and indicated that management approaches which instead aim to support and grow indigenous soil biology may be more effective.

The biostimulants trials replicated across the four core producer properties sought to explore whether foliars, solid vermicast, and biochar changed soil biological function and vegetation biomass, compared to a control site with no treatment. 

In order to monitor the impact of the biostimulant trial, a series of 25 square cm cotton strips were buried and monitored at 8, 12 and 14 weeks after applying the biostimulants. Soil biology breaks down cotton, so this test is commonly used to measure biological activity.

The results did not show a statistically significant change in soil biology or vegetation biomass after 5 months as a result of the biostimulants. Soil biology and biological activity in rangeland environments is significantly influenced by soil moisture levels, and the variability of these can potentially outweigh any effect of biological stimulants. The trial also highlighted challenges in applying the biostimulant products at scale, and at an optimal time to maximise their success in vast, diverse and climatically variable rangeland grazing systems. In addition, the high sensitivity of biostimulant products to seasonal conditions (e.g. soil moisture and temperature) may be difficult to avoid in a rangeland context, which may make it difficult to make biostimulants commercially effective in a rangeland environment. 

While the biostimulant treatment did not show any effect, Soil Food Web analysis showed that Wyndham’s soils had reasonable levels of indigenous biological activity. Buried cotton strips experienced an average loss in tensile strength between 44 and 76% over the first eight weeks, after which a storm event removed the flags used to identify the location of cotton strips (the only strip found at 12 weeks, in the biochar plot, had lost 100% of its tensile strength).

Greenhouse gas emissions and soil organic carbon

Greenhouse gas emissions for Wyndham Station over the last five years have been estimated at an indicative 1,078 t CO2-e per year, with enteric methane from livestock as the major source of CO2-e.

Analysis estimated that even a conservative increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration would be enough to offset the average annual emissions produced by Wyndham Station (for example, this could be achieved through a cumulative total of 0.01% increase in SOC over 25 years in the 0 to 100 cm soil layer1Assuming a bulk density of 1.4 g/cm3.). This analysis can help understand potential opportunities for graziers to contribute to climate change mitigation efforts.

The project team noted that there are challenges to verifiably sequestering carbon in rangelands environments. Soil organic carbon levels are low in the low rainfall environment of the rangelands, this has been made worse by an inherited legacy of degraded and eroded soil. There are a number of constraints in rangeland soils – such as salinity, acidity and sodicity – that could make permanently shifting soil carbon levels difficult. In addition, assessments of soil organic carbon at a number of monitoring sites on the property revealed relatively high variability in carbon through the soil profile, making it difficult to verify changes, especially small changes in soil organic carbon levels. The project team advised that the remediation of highly degraded areas such as scalded claypans might provide more easily measurable increases in soil carbon.

Despite the challenges in measuring changes in soil carbon, the types of management changes trialled through this project – such as enhancing plant growth with remediation and grazing management, and encouraging a functioning soil ecosystem – can be effective strategies for land remediation even if soil organic carbon levels are difficult to increase in a measurable way.

Profitability

Over the 4 year period of the project, all four core producers including Wyndham maintained a positive return on assets (ROA), with an average ROA across the four businesses of 3.76%. This is despite some challenging weather and industry conditions, and higher than industry average costs for these producers associated with the high distances to get animals to market, and their decisions to sell stock at less than ideal prices during dry periods in order to maintain ground cover. These decisions are intended to build the soil and land condition and support ongoing future profitability.

Acknowledgements
This case study was prepared as part of the Rangelands Living Skin Project. The Rangelands Living Skin is a four-year project in the NSW Rangelands co-designed by farming families, scientists and collaborators to evaluate cost-effective practices – chosen by producers – for fostering a productive rangeland system now and into the future.
In this project, four core producers trialled a range of practices to improve landscape health, livestock production and business performance to ultimately achieve greater resilience from year to year. The project will create an evidence base to inform the widespread adoption of practices that benefit soil, plants, animals and people – the living skin of the rangelands.
Led by the NSW Department of Primary Industries and funded by Meat & Livestock Australia, this project is a significant investment in the southern rangelands. The Rangelands Living Skin project is a truly collaborative project involving producers, industry, government, academia, researchers, educators and extension specialists, and carbon aggregators.
Soils for Life gratefully acknowledges the generous contributions of the partner organisations in this project. We also acknowledge that the contents of this case study do not necessarily reflect the views of these contributors.
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